Our vision is to develop the science and engineering of novel biomimetic microelectronic systems (BMES) based on fundamental principles of biology. The newly developed systems will allow bi-directional communication with tissue and by doing so enable implantable/portable micr oelectronic devices to treat presently incurable human diseases such as blindness, paralysis, and memory loss. The overall technical merit of this proposal lies in developing disruptive rather than incremental advancement in technology.